Notes

²⁰ Tatara, Characteristics of Children in Substitute and Adoptive Care, pp. 56-57. This finding based on 19 states reporting, accounting for 112,726 children, about 46 percent of the total estimated number of children entering substitute during fiscal year 1990.

²¹ Ibid., p. 23.

²² American Public Welfare Association, figures revised July 1996. Cited in 1996 Green Book, p. 743.

²³ For the District of Columbia only, a 1995 figure of 2,558 was used. The District of Columbia did not provide 1996 data.

²⁴ The American Public Welfare Association's figures show that fiscal 1994 began with 444,000 children in care; during the year 254,000 entered the system and 230,000 exited, making a total of 698,000 children served. American Public Welfare Association, figures revised July 1996. Cited in 1996 Green Book, p. 743. The 650,000 figure for 1997 is a conservative estimate, considering that when the 50 states, the District of Columbia, Guam and Puerto Rico reported to the APWA on trends in substitute care growth, 33 of the jurisdictions stated that their substitute care populations would grow and another 11 predicted their substitute care populations would remain the same. Of the nine states that reported that their substitute care population would decrease, none stated that it would decrease by more than 10 percent. See Tatara, "U.S. Child Substitute Care Flow Data for FY 92 and Current Trends in the State Child Substitute Care Populations," p. 10 (APWA survey data of 53 jurisdictions, with 62.3 percent of respondents indicating that "substitute care population will increase").

²⁵ American Public Welfare Association, figures revised July 1996. Cited in 1996 Green Book, p. 743.

²⁶ Toshio Tatara, "A Comparison of Child Substitute Care Exit Rates Among Three Different Racial/Ethnic Groups in 12 States, FY 84 to FY 90," VCIS Research Notes No. 10, American Public Welfare Association, June 1994, p. 1.

²⁷ Tatara, Characteristics of Children in Substitute and Adoptive Care, pp. 51-52. This finding based on 23 states reporting, accounting for 121,879 children, about 50 percent of the total estimated number of children entering substitute care during fiscal year 1990.

²⁸ Tatara, "A Comparison of Child Substitute Care Exit Rates Among Three Different Racial/Ethnic Groups in 12 States, FY 84 to FY 90," p. 6.

²⁹ Robert M. Goerge et al., Foster Care Dynamics 1983-1992: A Report From the Multistate Foster Care Data Archive, The Chapin Hall Center for Children at the University of Chicago, 1994, p. 10, pp. 40-41.

³⁰ Tatara, Characteristics of Children in Substitute and Adoptive Care, p. 90.

³¹ Robert M. Goerge et al., Foster Care Dynamics 1983-1992: A Report From the Multistate Foster Care Data Archive, pp. 40-41.

³² Coalition for the Homeless, "Blueprint for Solving New York's Homeless Crisis," New York City, a report to Mayor David Dinkins, p. 101, cited in Pat O'Brien, "Youth Homelessness and the Lack of Relational Planning for Older Foster Children," You Gotta Believe! not dated.

³³ A National Evaluation of Title IV-E Foster Care Independent Living Program for Youth: Phase II Final Report, vols. I and II (Rockville, MD: Westat, Inc. 1991), cited in U.S. General Accounting Office, Child Welfare: Complex Needs Strain Capacity to Provide Services, GAO/HEHS-95-208, September 1995, pp. 14-15.

³⁴ In a small percentage of cases, parents voluntarily relinquish their rights.

³⁵ Office of Inspector General, Barriers to Freeing Children for Adoption, Department of Health and Human Services, February 1991, pp. 7-8.

³⁶ Ibid., p. 10.

³⁷ Tatara, Characteristics of Children in Substitute and Adoptive Care, pp. 148-149, accounting for 9,173 children or 46 percent of the total estimated number of children awaiting adoptive placement at the end of fiscal 1990.

³⁸ Ibid.

³⁹ Pre-adoptive homes are typically those of foster families who have been identified as potential adoptive parents for children currently in their care.

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