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Choice In Education: Opportunities For Texas
FOOTNOTES
2 U.S. Congressional Budget Office, Trends in Educational Achievement, April 1986, p. 43. Cited in John E. Chubb and Terry M. Moe, Educational Choice (San Antonio, Texas: The Texas Public Policy Foundation, March 1990), p. 3.back
3 Office of Educational Research and Improvement, Youth Indicators 1988: Trends in the Well-Being of American Youth (Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Education, August 1988), pp. 64-65.back
4 William J. Bennett, American Education: Making It Work (Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Education, April 1988), p. 12.back
5 The study was conducted by the Educational Testing Service for the National Science Foundation and the U.S. Department of Education. See Chubb and Moe, Educational Choice, p. 3.back
6 U.S. Department of Education, The Condition of Education, 1989: Elementary and Secondary Education, Vol. 1, p. 79.back
7 Ibid., p. 93; and the College Board, "College-Bound Seniors, SAT Score Averages, 1969-1989," September 12, 1989.back
8 Chubb and Moe, Educational Choice, p. 2.back
9 John Bishop, "Is the Test Score Decline Responsible for the Productivity Growth Decline?", American Economic Review, March 1989.back
10 Ibid., p. 93; and the College Board, "College-Bound Seniors, SAT Score Averages, 1969-1989," September 12, 1989.back
11 Ibid.; and U.S. Bureau of the Census, Statistical Abstract of the United States, 1990, p. 144.back
12 Wall Street Journal, January 10, 1990.back
13 Bennett, American Education, p. 12.back
14 Bishop, "Is the Test Score Decline Responsible for the Productivity Growth Decline?"back
16 Derived from Education Daily, October 1, 1987, p. 5.back
17 Derived from the College Board, "Average SAT Scores by State, 1979, 1984-1989," September 12, 1989.back
18 The College Board, "State SAT Scores, 1976 through 1985."back
19 Texas Education Today, Vol. 3, No. 1, September 1989, p. 1.back
20 Texas Center for Educational Research, TCER Connection, Austin, Texas, Vol. 1, No. 1, Fall 1989, p. 3.back
21 Chris Borman, Interim Dean of Texas A&M's College of Education, in Fortnightly, Texas A&M University, December 11, 1989, p. 2.back
22 TEAMS test scores are higher at the eleventh grade level, but it is not clear how much of the improvement is due to drop-out by marginal students and how much to student achievement.back
23 Texas Education Agency, Texas Educational Assessment of Minimum Skills, Vol. 1 (Austin: TEA, September 1989.)back
24 The exception is Ysleta (El Paso County), which had a 32 percent failure rate.back
25 Diane Ravitch, The Troubled Crusade: American Education 1945-1980 (New York: Basic Books, 1983).back
26 Calculated from U.S. Department of Education, The Condition of Education 1989, Vol. 1, Table 1:14-1.back
28 Bureau of the Census, Statistical Abstract of the United States, 1990, p. 67.back
30 John Chubb, Brookings Institution.back
32 Lynne V. Cheney, "American Memory: A Report on the Humanities in the Public Schools," Washington, DC, National Endowment for the Humanities, 1987, p. 6.back
33 The Condition of Education, 1989,` p. 2.back
34 Bennett, American Education: Making It Work.back
35 Milton and Rose Friedman, Free to Choose (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1980), p. 155.back
36 Texas House Journal. Cited by Thomas B. Timar and David L. Kirp, "State Efforts to Reform Schools: Treading Between a Regulatory Swamp and an English Tea Garden," Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis, 10, Summer 1988, p. 77.back
37 National Center for Education Statistics, Digest of Education Statistics, 1989, Washington, DC, U.S. Department of Education, NCES 89-643, December 1989, p. 79.back
38 National Center for Policy Analysis.back
39 Digest of Education Statistics, 1989.back
40 National Center for Education Statistics, Digest of Education Statistics 1988, Washington, DC, U.S. Department of Education, 1988, CS 88-600, p. 81.back
41 Select Committee on Public Education (SCOPE) Recommendations, April 19, 1984, p. 2.back
42 Mandate Watch is a lobbying group formed to oppose any additional unfunded mandates.back
43 Dallas Morning News, August 27, 1989.back
44 R.E. Callahan, Education and the Cult of Efficiency (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1962). See also D.B. Tyak, The One Best System (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1974).back
45 This result holds even after adjusting for school size, racial composition of the student body and differences in costs of inputs among school districts. See Kathy Hayes and Michael Davis, "Efficiency and Inefficiency in Texas Public Schools," Center for Texas Studies, National Center for Policy Analysis and Texas Public Policy Foundation, forthcoming.back
46 Kent Grusendorf (R-Arlington), "Don't Equalize Waste in Texas Schools," Dallas Morning News, February 25, 1990.back
47 Houston Chronicle, January 21, 1990.back
48 Eric Hanushek, "The Impact of Differential Expenditures on School Performance, " Educational Researcher, May 1989.back
49 Chubb and Moe, Educational Choice, n. 31, pp. 11-12.back
50 Chubb and Moe, Educational Choice, n. 2. p. 17.back
51 Decided in October, 1989.back
52 Specifically, the Texas Supreme Court requires that state education funds be redistributed among school districts on the basis of tax effort (tax rates). Many, but not all, property-poor school districts will receive a substantial increase in funds under this ruling. See Kathy Hayes and Daniel Slottje, "Equality and Inequality in Texas School Finance," National Center for Policy Analysis, NCPA Policy Report No. 146, February 1990.back
53 The state cannot take local tax revenue away from a school district. The Texas Supreme Court decision will lead to a substantial reduction in state funding for many districts, however.back
54 Texas Education Agency, Self-Evaluation Report to the Sunset Advisory Commission (Austin: TEA, September 1987).back
55 Texas Agenda, Vol. 1, No. 14, November 16, 1989.back
57 Lubbock Avalanche, September 24, 1989.back
58 Texas Education Today, Vol. 6, Issue 40, December 11, 1989, p. 3.back
59 Dwight Lee, "The Reality of the Public School System," It's Education's Turn to Restructure, Center for the Study of American Business, Washington University, April 1989.back
60 Robert Woodson, "Private Sector Alternatives to the Welfare State," National Center for Policy Analysis, NCPA Policy Report No. 131, November 1987.back
61 Lee, "The Reality of the Public School System."back
62 Lee, "The Reality of the Public School System."back
63 William Niskanen, "Economies of Scale in the Provision of Public Schooling," 6th Annual Critical Issues Symposium, The James Madison Institute, Tallahassee, FL, March 8-10, 1989.back
64 National Center for Education Statistics, Digest of Education Statistics, 1988, CS 88-600, p. 65.back
65 Lee, "The Reality of the Public School System."back
66 James S. Coleman, "Educational Achievement: What Can We Learn From the Catholic Schools," Associate Memo, No. 15, Manhattan Institute for Policy Research, November 4, 1989.back
68 Glen C. Loury, "Making It All Happen," On the Road to Economic Freedom (Washington, DC: Regnery Gateway, 1987), pp. 115-116.back
69 Independent Schools: Give a Child a Chance (Washington, DC: National Center for Neighborhood Enterprise, 1985).back
70 John Andrews, "Family is Central in the Educational System," Independence Institute, March 23, 1987.back
71 Charles Blaschke, "Performance Contracting: Who Profits Most?", Phi Delta Kappa Foundation, 1972, pp. 31-39.back
72 Michael deCourcy Hinds, "Cutting the Dropout Rate: High Goal but Low Hopes," New York Times, February 17, 1990.back
73 Nell P. Eurich, The Corporate Classroom: The Learning Business, (Princeton: the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching, 1985).back
74 Kearns and Doyle, Winning the Brain Race. See also, Myron Lieberman, Privatization and Educational Choice (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1989), p. 287.back
75 John Andrews, "Family is Central in the Educational System."back
76 This section is based on John McClaughry, Educational Choice in Vermont, Institute for Liberty and Community, February 1987.back
77 This section is based on John M. Hood, "Miracle on 109th Street," Reason, May 1989.back
78 Task Force on Education of the City Club of Chicago, Educational Choice: A Catalyst for School Reform, August 1989, pp. 22-23.back
79 E.G. West, "Open Enrollment: A Vehicle for Market Competition in Schooling?", Cato Journal, Spring/Summer 1989, p. 253-262.back
80 Kearns and Doyle, Winning the Brain Race.back
81 An example of such a program is operating in New Jersey.back