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Two Cheers For GATT
Notes
2 Office of the U.S. Trade Representative, "U.S. Proposal for Uruguay Round Market Access Negotiations," March 1990, p. 416 (tariff line 9108.91.20). The official Harmonized Tariff Schedule of the United States does not provide the ad valorem percentage for many tariff categories, listing instead only the kilogram or piece rate. The "U.S. Proposal for Uruguay Round Market Access Negotiations" provides ad valorem rates for all tariff categories. This is a confidential document obtained by the author. back
3 Ibid., p. 88 (tariff line 2401.30.60). back
4 Office of the U.S. Trade Representative, Trade Policy Staff Committee, Hearing on Uruguay Round Tariff Reduction Proposals, November 1, l989, pp. 2-237. back
5 Interview with U.S. Customs Service spokesman, October 21, 1990. back
6 U.S. Department of Agriculture, "Handbook on Section 22 Dairy Quotas," p. 10. back
7 Dave Larsons, "The Cost of Import Protection in the United States," U.S. Treasury Department, 1979; cited in Michael Finger, H. Keith Hall and Douglas Nelson, "The Political Economy of Administrative Protectionism," American Economic Review, Vol. 72, No. 3, June 1982, p. 453. back
8 David Tarr and Morris Morkre, "Aggregate Cost to the United States of Tariffs and Quotas on Imports," Federal Trade Commission, 1984. back
9 Martin Wolf, "Why Voluntary Export Restraints? An Historical Analysis," The World Economy, 12, No. 3, September 1989, p. 284. Wolf was citing a 1984 study by the Trade Policy Research Centre. back
10 U.S. Customs Service, Harmonized Tariff Schedule of the United States 1990 (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1990); and other sources. back
11 William R. Cline, The Future of World Trade in Textiles (Washington, DC: International Economics, 1987), p. 193. back
12 Brief of the National Retail Merchants Association, "The Economic Effects of Significant U.S. Import Restraints," filed with the U.S. International Trade Commission, Investigation No. 332-262, April 17, 1989, p. 10. back
13 Estimate of the United States Association of Importers of Textile and Apparel. See Office of the U.S. Trade Representative, Trade Policy Staff Committee, "Statement of United States Association of Importers of Textiles and Apparel on Reduction of Duties and Elimination of Nontariff Measures in the Uruguay Round," October 17, 1989, p.13. back
14 International Trade Policies: The Uruguay Round and Beyond, Vol. II, Background Papers, International Monetary Fund, November 1994, p. 3. back
16 U.S. General Accounting Office, "Uruguay Round Final Act Should Produce Overall U.S. Economic Gains," July 1994, p. 10. back
17 Testimony of U.S. Trade Representative Michael Kantor, Senate Commerce Committee, October 5, 1994. back
18 Martin Crutsinger, "Economics Research Group Gives GATT a ‘B Plus’," Associated Press, November 1, 1994. back
19 Remarks by Treasury Secretary Lloyd Bentsen at the North Atlantic Assembly, Washington, DC, Federal News Service, November 18, 1994. back
20 "Positive Uruguay Round Assessment Calls for Early Congressional Approval," Institute for International Economics, November 1, 1994. back
21 Testimony of U.S. Trade Representative Michael Kantor, Senate Commerce Committee, June 16, 1994. back
22 "U.S. Law Will Take Precedence Over Trade Agreement, Kantor Says," BNA International Environment Daily, June 20, 1994. back
23 Dee Segel, "A Salvo in Connecticut Opens a Struggle Over Trade Agreement," Hartford Courant, August 2, 1994. back
24 Interview with Julius Katz, November 14, 1994. back
25 James Bovard, Wall Street Journal, October 15, 1990. back
27 Joe Cobb, "The Real Threat to U.S. Sovereignty," Heritage Lecture No. 497, Heritage Foundation, August 1, 1994. back
28 Interview with trade official who wished to remain anonymous, November 17, 1994. back
29 James Bovard, "Threats and Pseudo-Threats to Free Trade," Wall Street Journal Europe, September 23, 1994. back
30 George Gilder, "Chip Sense and Nonsense," Wall Street Journal, April 2, l987. back
31 Congressional Record, April 28, 1987, p. H2586. back
32 "Export Controls," USA Today, July 22, 1994. back
33 Thomas W. Hertel, Robert L. Thompson and Marinos E. Tsigas, "Economy Side-Effects of Unilateral Trade and Policy Liberalization in U.S. Agriculture," paper prepared for the Global Agricultural Trade Study, May 1988, organized by the Center for International Economics, Canberra, Australia, p. 37. back
34 Daniel A. Sumner and Julian M. Alston, "Effects of the Tobacco Program: An Analysis of Deregulation," American Enterprise Institute, November, 1984, p. iii. back
35 James Bovard, The Farm Fiasco (San Francisco: ICS Press, 1989), pp. 72, 180ff. back
36 Andrew Feltenstein, "Agricultural Policy and the U.S. Federal Budget and the Trade Deficit," paper prepared for the Global Agricultural Trade Study, May 1988, organized by the Center for International Economics, Canberra, Australia, p. 2. back
37 Warren Brookes, "Seven Muffled Baby Bells," Washington Times, June 5, 1990. back
38 Congressional Record, June 24, 1994, p. H4993. back
39 Patrick Buchanan, "Derailing the GATT Global Express," Washington Times, September 30, 1994. back
40 Memorial to the U.S. Congress from the Citizens of Newberry District, South Carolina, Against Increase of Duties on Imports, February 25, 1828. Available in the microfiche collection of the Law Library of the U.S. Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. back
41 Peter Truell, "Textile Makers Demanding More Protection Threaten Hopes for Seamless U.S. Trade Policy," Wall Street Journal, May 16, 1990. back
42 U.S. Congress, Congressional Budget Office, How the GATT Affects U.S. Antidumping and Countervailing-Duty Policy (Washington: Government Printing Office, September 1994), p. ix. back
43 Interview with Clint Stack, September 21, 1994. back
44 Robert Stein, “Free Trade or World Government?” Investor’s Business Daily, August 19, 1994. back
45 International Trade Policies: The Uruguay Round and Beyond, Vol. II, Background Papers, International Monetary Fund, November 1994, p. 3. back
48 Alan Riding, "Gore Insists Environment Is a Trade Issue," New York Times, April 15, 1994. back
49 "U.S. Government, Labor Isolated in Backing Worker Standards in World Trade Organization," Daily Labor Report, November 16, 1994, p. d7. back
50 Interview with Tom Miller, November 18, 1994. back
51 John Whalley, ed., The Uruguay Round and Beyond, Final Report from the Ford Foundation-Supported Project on Developing Countries and the Global Trading System (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan, l989), p. 34. back
53 International Trade Reporter, April 4, l990, p. 490. back
54 International Trade Policies: The Uruguay Round and Beyond, Vol. II, Background Papers, International Monetary Fund, November 1994, p. 90. back
55 John Taylor, Tyranny Unmasked (Washington, DC: Davis and Force, l822), p. l92. back
56 Sir Louis Mallet, "Reciprocity," The Cobden Club, 1879, p. 6. back
57 U.S. Trade Representative Clayton Yeutter, speech to Semiconductor Industry Association, Santa Clara, CA, September 23, 1986. back
58 As former U.S. State Department agricultural attache Dennis Avery explains, "Federal farm programs have led to an overcapitalized agriculture with less actual employment than it otherwise would have." Quoted in Bovard, The Farm Fiasco, p. 305. back
59 Leland Yeager and David Tuerck, Foreign Trade and U.S. Policy (New York: Praeger, 1976), p. 249. back
60 Sheldon Richman, "There’s No Case for Free Trade (No Special Case, That Is)," Washington Legal Foundation, November 1986, p. 27. back